Pediatric urology covers a wide range of conditions, including:

1. Congenital anomalies: Pediatric urologists diagnose and treat birth defects affecting the urinary system and external genitalia. Examples include hypospadias (abnormal placement of the urethral opening), undescended testicles, urinary tract obstruction, bladder exstrophy (a rare condition where the bladder is exposed outside the body), and vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys).

2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): UTIs are common in children and can have various underlying causes. Pediatric urologists help identify the source of recurrent or complicated UTIs and provide appropriate treatment to prevent further complications.

3. Voiding dysfunction: This includes conditions where children have difficulties with urination, such as urinary incontinence (involuntary leakage of urine), urinary retention, or bladder dysfunction. Pediatric urologists assess the underlying causes, perform urodynamic studies to evaluate bladder function, and recommend appropriate interventions or treatments.

4. Kidney and bladder disorders: Pediatric urologists manage conditions affecting the kidneys and bladder, such as kidney stones, urinary tract obstruction, neurogenic bladder (bladder dysfunction due to nerve problems), and bladder or kidney tumors. They may perform surgeries or recommend other treatments to address these conditions.

5. Genital and reproductive disorders: Pediatric urologists also address conditions related to the genitalia and reproductive organs, including ambiguous genitalia, genital injuries, phimosis (narrowing of the foreskin), and testicular disorders.

Treatment options in pediatric urology can vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve surgical interventions, medical management, minimally invasive procedures, or long-term follow-up and monitoring.